Solutions+to+the+Problem

=**6th Period**=
 * gary jay maher vern**
 * gary - Introduce a third invasive species to kill off the second invasive species**
 * maher - Till the land to get rid of invasive species**
 * jay - Convince the city to give us approval of controlled burning/irrigation**
 * vern - Herbicideand controlled chemicals**

[]
 * sources:**
 * 1) actionbioscience.org/biodiversity/simberloff.html**
 * 2)** []

=**7th Period**= Daniel Markbreiter Drew Stonecipher How to begin the resoration:

Seed collection (selecting native warm season grass and blackland forb species) at local blackland prairie remnants • Mechanical removal of woody invasive (i.e. with our hands or with tools) species followed by herbicide application. • Prescribed burn to restore habitat and prepare the seed bed. • Herbicide application to emergent invasive species. • Native grass and forb seed application. • Maintenance of the restoration area

How to maintain the restoration:
 * Irrigate the land as needed.
 * Mechanical removal of woody invasive species followed by species specific herbicide application as needed.
 * Applying herbicide in the winter when the invasives are dormant is ideal.
 * Seed application when needed.
 * Seeding is available at any time when there is no freeze.
 * Planting seedlings during times of drought require irrigation.
 * Mechanically restore the habitat by cutting it down and removing the waste.
 * A controlled wildfire(illegal) is prescribed every 4- 8 years, but mowing is an alternative to remove encroaching trees.
 * Mowing should be done every 3-4 years. Use rake to remove thatch (dead plant matter).
 * Removal of invasive animals
 * The use of biological agents (animals from the invasive’s native environment that will predate on them) or the introduction of natives can do this.
 * Some common invasive species include:
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #667200; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Bastard cabbage__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #393939; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - Rapistrum rugosum
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #667200; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Giant reed__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #393939; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - Arundo donax
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #667200; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Johnson grass__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #393939; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - Sorghum halepense
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #667200; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Chinese tallow tree__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #393939; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - Triadica sebifera
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #667200; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__King Ranch bluestem__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #393939; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - Bothriochloa ischaemum var. songarica
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #667200; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Field bindweed__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #393939; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - Convolvulus arvensis
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #667200; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Bermuda grass__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #393939; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - Cynodon dactylon
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #667200; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Chinaberry tree__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #393939; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - Melia [[image:bermuda-grass-m.jpg align="right"]]
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #667200; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Redtip photinia__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #393939; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - Photinia x fraseri
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #667200; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Heavenly bamboo__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #393939; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - Nandina domestica
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #667200; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Pincushions__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #393939; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - Scabiosa atropurpurea
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #667200; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Chinese privet__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #393939; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - Ligustrum sinense

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">NEED TO KNOWS:
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What invasive organisms are there in the area?
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Is there body of water nearby?
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What pesticides/herbicides will not affect aquatic life and will not kill natives?

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">We need to know what invasive organisms are in the area in order to find herbicides and predators that will remove them. Knowing if there is a body of water helps us know what kind of pesticides/herbicides we should use. If there is the potential of run-off, than chemicals that might inflict damage on local aquatic species, such as amphibians, may not be used.

Likewise, we also need to know what natives are in the area so that we can work to preserve them and perhaps even monitor their population. If their population is kept at a constant and strong count, than the invasive will have tougher competition and may be driven out. There is also the chance that the chemicals we might use could hurt natives, and keeping a rough population count can help see if our chemicals are helping or hurting them.

Because the land is newly restored it my need to be irrigated in places to grow strong, the grass also needs to be cut down and removed to restore the land like a natural wildfire would. the woody invasive species will need to be removed by mechanical means and herbicides for the greatest effect. native seeds will also need to be applied so they can fill in where invasive species were, it is suggested that this happens in the late winter, early spring. The land needs to be mowed and the waste removed about every three years in order to restore the land and remove dense vegetation like a wildfire would. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">SOURCES: []

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.wildlifearkansas.com/proposals/2008Preproposals/Nacatoch%20Ravines%20and%2__] [|__0blackland%20prairie%20restoration.pdf__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://texasprairie.org/index.php/main/educator_resources/why_protect_and_restore_prairie/__] [|__http://springcreekforest.org/Blackland%20Prairie.htm__] [|__http://www.centerforblackbelt.org/2009%20events/SER%20Poster%202008.pdf__]

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">How to begin the resoration:

Seed collection (selecting native warm season grass and blackland forb species) at local blackland prairie remnants • Mechanical removal of woody invasive (i.e. with our hands or with tools) species followed by herbicide application. • Prescribed burn to restore habitat and prepare the seed bed. • Herbicide application to emergent invasive species. • Native grass and forb seed application. • Maintenance of the restoration area

How to maintain the restoration:
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">irrigate the land as needed.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Mechanical removal of woody invasive species followed by species specific herbicide application as needed.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Applying herbicide in the winter when the invasives are dormant is ideal.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">seed application when needed.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Seeding is available at any time when there is no freeze.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Planting seedlings during times of drought require irrigation.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">mechanically restore the habitat by cutting it down and removing the waste.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">A controlled wildfire(illegal) is prescribed every 4- 8 years, but mowing is an alternative to remove encroaching trees.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Mowing should be done every 3-4 years. Use rake to remove thatch (dead plant matter).
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Removal of invasive animals
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The use of biological agents (animals from the invasive’s native environment that will predate on them) or the introduction of natives can do this.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Some common invasive species include:
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #667200; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Bastard cabbage__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #393939; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - Rapistrum rugosum
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #667200; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Giant reed__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #393939; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - Arundo donax
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #667200; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Johnson grass__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #393939; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - Sorghum halepense
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #667200; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Chinese tallow tree__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #393939; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - Triadica sebifera
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #667200; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__King Ranch bluestem__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #393939; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - Bothriochloa ischaemum var. songarica
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #667200; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Field bindweed__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #393939; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - Convolvulus arvensis
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #667200; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Bermuda grass__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #393939; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - Cynodon dactylon
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #667200; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Chinaberry tree__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #393939; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - Melia [[image:bermuda-grass-m.jpg align="right"]]
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #667200; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Redtip photinia__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #393939; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - Photinia x fraseri
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #667200; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Heavenly bamboo__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #393939; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - Nandina domestica
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #667200; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Pincushions__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #393939; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - Scabiosa atropurpurea
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #667200; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__Chinese privet__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #393939; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - Ligustrum sinense

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">NEED TO KNOWS:
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What invasive organisms are there in the area?
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Is there body of water nearby?
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What pesticides/herbicides will not affect aquatic life and will not kill natives?

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">We need to know what invasive organisms are in the area in order to find herbicides and predators that will remove them. Knowing if there is a body of water helps us know what kind of pesticides/herbicides we should use. If there is the potential of run-off, than chemicals that might inflict damage on local aquatic species, such as amphibians, may not be used.

Likewise, we also need to know what natives are in the area so that we can work to preserve them and perhaps even monitor their population. If their population is kept at a constant and strong count, than the invasive will have tougher competition and may be driven out. There is also the chance that the chemicals we might use could hurt natives, and keeping a rough population count can help see if our chemicals are helping or hurting them.

Because the land is newly restored it my need to be irrigated in places to grow strong, the grass also needs to be cut down and removed to restore the land like a natural wildfire would. the woody invasive species will need to be removed by mechanical means and herbicides for the greatest effect. native seeds will also need to be applied so they can fill in where invasive species were, it is suggested that this happens in the late winter, early spring. The land needs to be mowed and the waste removed about every three years in order to restore the land and remove dense vegetation like a wildfire would. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">SOURCES: []

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://www.wildlifearkansas.com/proposals/2008Preproposals/Nacatoch%20Ravines%20and%2__] [|__0blackland%20prairie%20restoration.pdf__] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000099; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">[|__http://texasprairie.org/index.php/main/educator_resources/why_protect_and_restore_prairie/__] [|__http://springcreekforest.org/Blackland%20Prairie.htm__] [|__http://www.centerforblackbelt.org/2009%20events/SER%20Poster%202008.pdf__]